Li-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as novel symmetrical electrode for solid oxide cells: An insight into the oxygen reduction reaction
Abstract
For the first time, lithium-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ was synthesized and investigated in terms of its electrochemical behavior. It was found that the use of Li2CO3 as a lithium precursor for the solid-state synthesis of Sr1.9Li0.1Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ is ineffective because it results in the formation of a LiFeO2. In contrast, the use of LiNO3 enables the synthesis of single-phase Sr1.9Li0.1Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ. Lithium substitution was found to enhance the electrochemical activity of the electrode toward the oxygen reduction reaction. The polarization resistance of Sr1.9Li0.1Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ was approximately 0.20 Ohm · cm2 at 800 °C, which is about 1.5 times lower than that of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Zamudio-García J, Caizán-Juanarena L, Porras-Vázquez JM, Losilla ER, Marrero-López D, A review on recent advances and trends in symmetrical electrodes for solid oxide cells, J. Power Sources, 520 (2022) 230852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230852
Istomin SY, Lyskov NV, Mazo GN, Antipov EV, Electrode materials based on complex d-metal oxides for symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells, Russ Chem Rev., 90(6) (2021) 644–76. https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4979
Liu Q, Yang C, Dong X, Chen F, Perovskite Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as electrode materials for symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35(19) (2010) 10039–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.08.016
Liu Q, Bugaris DE, Xiao G, Chmara M, et al., Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as a regenerative anode for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 196(22) (2011) 9148–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.085
Muñoz-García AB, Bugaris DE, Pavone M, Hodges JP, et al., Unveiling sructure–property relationships in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ, an electrode material for symmetric solid oxide fuel cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134(15) (2012) 6826–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja300831k
Muñoz-García AB, Pavone M, Ritzmann AM, Carter EA, Oxide ion transport in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ, a mixed ion-electron conductor: new insights from first principles modeling, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15(17) (2013) 6250–9. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp50995h
Gao J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Jia L, et al., Nitrogen-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ perovskite as an efficient and stable catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, Mater. Today Energy, 20 (2021) 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100695
Zhang L, Sun W, Xu C, Ren R, et al., Attenuating a metal–oxygen bond of a double perovskite oxide via anion doping to enhance its catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8(28) (2020) 14091–8. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04820h
Osinkin D, Zakharov D, Khodimchuk A, Antonova E, et al., Strategy for improving the functional performances of complex oxide through the use of a fluorine-containing precursor, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 48(59) (2023) 22624–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.076
Sun K, Liu J, Feng J, Yuan H, et al., Investigation of B-site doped perovskites Sr2Fe1.4X0.1Mo0.5O6–δ (X = Bi, Al, Mg) as high-performance anodes for hybrid direct carbon fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 365 (2017) 109–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.083
Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Gu Y, Chen H, et al., Effect of Cl doping on the electrochemical performance of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells, Ceram. Int., 46(14) (2020) 22787–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.046
Song R, Jin W, Yuan J, Pang H, et al., A promising K-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ nanofiber oxygen electrode fabricated by electrospinning as proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 18(6) (2026) 10035–45. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c01061
Merkulov O, Naumovich E, Markov A, Leonidov I, Patrakeev M, Oxygen nonstoichiometry and defect chemistry of perovskite-type Ca0.25Sr0.75Fe0.75Mo0.25O3–δ, Mater. Lett., 236 (2019) 719–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.11.057
Osinkin DA, Beresnev SM, Khodimchuk AV, Korzun IV, et al., Functional properties and electrochemical performance of Ca-doped Sr2–xCaxFe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as anode for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Solid State Electrochem., 23(2) (2019) 627–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-04169-2
Sun W, Li P, Xu C, Dong L, et al., Investigation of Sc doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 as a cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 343 (2017) 237–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.063
Zhou Q, Cheng Y, Li W, Yang X, et al., Investigation of cobalt-free perovskite Sr2FeTi0.75Mo0.25O6–δ as new cathode for solid oxide fuel cells, Mater. Res. Bull., 74 (2016) 129–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.09.023
Zhu Y, Zhang N, Zhang W, Zhao L, et al., Realizing efficient activity and high conductivity of perovskite symmetrical electrode by vanadium doping for CO2 electrolysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16(28) (2024) 36343–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c05465
Liu H, Zhang J, Qian X, Li M, et al., A Sr2Fe1.4Ni0.1Mo0.5O6–δ derived medium-entropy cathode with enhanced Cr poisoning resistance for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 657 (2025) 238153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238153
Zheng K, Świerczek K, Polfus JM, Sunding MF, et al., Carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning in SrFe0.75Mo0.25O3–δ and SrFe0.5Mn0.25Mo0.25O3–δ electrode materials for symmetrical SOFCs, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(9) (2015) F1078–87. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0981509jes
Song Y, Zhong Q, Tan W, Pan C, Effect of cobalt-substitution Sr2Fe1.5–xCoxMo0.5O6–δ for intermediate temperature symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells fed with H2-H2S, Electrochim. Acta, 139 (2014) 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.022
Xiao G, Wang S, Lin Y, Yang Z, et al., Ni-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, J Electrochem. Soc., 161(3) (2014) F305–10. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.061403jes
Porotnikova N, Khodimchuk A, Zakharov D, Bogdanovich N, Osinkin D, Enhancement of surface exchange and oxygen diffusion of Sr1.95Fe1.4Ni0.1Mo0.5O6–δ oxide determined by two independent isotope exchange methods, Appl. Surf. Sci., 613 (2023) 156015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156015
Osinkin D, Antonova E, Shubin K, Bogdanovich N, Influence of nickel exsolution on the electrochemical performance and rate-determining stages of hydrogen oxidation on Sr1.95Fe1.4Ni0.1Mo0.5O6–δ promising electrode for solid state electrochemical devices, Electrochim. Acta, 369 (2021) 137673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137673
Wang S, Hsu Y, Huang M, Chang C, Cheng S, Characteristics of copper-doped SrFe0.75Mo0.25O3–δ ceramic as a cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells, Solid State Ionics, 296 (2016) 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2016.09.004
Cheng X, Li G, Ren R, Xu C, et al., Improving performance of proton ceramic electrolysis cell perovskite anode by Zn doping, Ceram. Int., 49(12) (2023) 19879–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.107
Xu C, Sun K, Yang X, Ma M, et al., Highly active and CO2-tolerant Sr2Fe1.3Ga0.2Mo0.5O6–δ cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 450 (2020) 227722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227722
Ren R, Sun J, Wang G, Xu C, et al., Rational design of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.4Y0.1O6–δ oxygen electrode with triple conduction for hydrogen production in protonic ceramic electrolysis cell, Sep. Purif. Technol., 299 (2022) 121780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121780
Ren R, Wang Z, Meng X, Wang X, et al., Tailoring the oxygen vacancy to achieve fast intrinsic proton transport in a perovskite cathode for protonic ceramic fuel cells, ACS Appl. Energy Mater, 3(5) (2020) 4914–22. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00486
Hou M, Sun W, Li P, Feng J, et al., Investigation into the effect of molybdenum-site substitution on the performance of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 − for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 272 (2014) 759–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.043
Shin JW, Park G, Shin J, Li H, et al., Surface modification of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 - perovskite electrode with Ru nanoparticles via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition for solid oxide fuel cells, Mater. Chem. Phys., 332 (2025) 130255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130255
Lv H, Lin L, Zhang X, Song Y, et al., Redox-manipulated RhOx nanoclusters uniformly anchored on Sr2Fe1.45Rh0.05Mo0.5O6–δ perovskite for CO2 electrolysis. Fundam. Res., 4(6) (2024) 1515–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.010
Ma Y, Zhang L, Zhu K, Zhang B, et al., In3+-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ cathode with improved performance for an intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell, Nano Res., 17(1) (2024) 407–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6338-y
He B, Gong C, Wang Z, Jia L, Zhao L, Novel, cobalt-free, and highly active Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5–xSnxO6–δ cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42(15) (2017) 10308–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.194
Dai N, Wang Z, Jiang T, Feng J, et al., A new family of barium-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ perovskites for application in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 268 (2014) 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.146
Sun C, Bian L, Yu W, Hou Y, et al., Electrochemical performance of Sr1.9La0.1Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ symmetric electrode for solid oxide fuel cells with carbon-based fuels, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 47(1) (2022) 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.038
Sun C, Bian L, Qi J, Yu W, et al., Boosting CO2 directly electrolysis by electron doping in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ double perovskite cathode, J. Power Sources, 521 (2022) 230984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.230984
Osinkin D, Electrochemical performances of new Pr‐doped robust cobalt‐free perovskite Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as electrode for symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells, Int. J. Energy Res., 2024(1) (2024) 9791000. https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9791000
Wang Y, Li P, Li H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Synthesis and enhanced electrochemical performance of Sm‐doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6, Fuel Cells, 14(6) (2014) 973–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201300250
Meng J, Liu X, Han L, Bai Y, et al., Improved electrochemical performance by doping cathode materials Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5–xTaxO6–δ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) for solid state fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 247 (2014) 845–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.049
Song L, Qiao Y, Zhao Y, Ren R, et al., Accelerating bulk proton transfer in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ perovskite oxide for efficient oxygen electrode in protonic ceramic electrolysis cells, Ceram. Int., 50(14) (2024) 24987–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.175
Shen Y, Liu T, Li R, Lv H, et al., In situ electrochemical reconstruction of Sr2Fe1.45Ir0.05Mo0.5O6–δ perovskite cathode for CO2 electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells, Natl. Sci. Rev., 10(9) (2023) nwad078. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad078
Dai N, Lou Z, Wang Z, Liu X, et al., Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 243 (2013) 766–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.168
Osinkin D, Electrochemical behavior of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ electrodes in contact with LSGM and SDC electrolytes: Features of oxygen reduction kinetics, the effect of impregnation and long-term testing, Electrochim. Acta, 569 (2026) 148903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148903
Osinkin D, Hydrogen oxidation kinetics on a redox stable electrode for reversible solid-state electrochemical devices: The critical influence of hydrogen dissociation on the electrode surface, Electrochim. Acta, 389 (2021) 138792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138792
Osinkin D, A variation on the chemical design through cation deficiency: In the case of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ as the most promising electrode for symmetrical SOFCs and SOECs, J. Power Sources, 636 (2025) 236562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236562
Zamudio-García J, Dos santos-Gómez L, Losilla ER, Marrero-López D, Exploring alkali metal doping in solid oxide cells materials: A comprehensive review, Chem. Eng. J., 493 (2024) 152832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152832
Zhai S, Xie H, Chen B, Ni M, A rational design of FeNi alloy nanoparticles and carbonate-decorated perovskite as a highly active and coke-resistant anode for solid oxide fuel cells, Chem. Eng. J., 430 (2022) 132615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132615
Gordeev E, Belyakov S, Antonova E, Osinkin D, Highly conductive Fe-doped (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3–δ solid-state membranes for electrochemical application, Membranes, 13(5) (2023) 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050502
Gavrilyuk A, Osinkin D, Bronin D, On a variation of the Tikhonov regularization method for calculating the distribution function of relaxation times in impedance spectroscopy, Electrochim. Acta, 354 (2020) 136683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136683
Gavrilyuk AL, Osinkin DA, Bronin DI, The use of Tikhonov regularization method for calculating the distribution function of relaxation times in impedance spectroscopy, Russ. J. Electrochem., 53(6) (2017) 575–588. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193517060040
Shannon RD, Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides, Acta Crystallograph. Section A, 32(5) (1976) 751–767. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476001551
Zachariasen WH, A set of empirical crystal radii for ions with inert gas configuration, Crystalline Mater., 80 (1931) 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1931.80.1.137
Zachariasen WH, Bond lengths in oxygen and halogen compounds of d and f elements, J. Less. Common Metals, 62 (1978) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(78)90010-3
Jia YQ, Crystal radii and effective ionic radii of the rare earth ions, J. Solid State Chem., 95 (1991) 184–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(91)90388-X
Osinkin D, Khodimchuk A, Antonova E, Bogdanovich N, Understanding the oxygen reduction kinetics on Sr2–xFe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ: Influence of strontium deficiency and correlation with the oxygen isotopic exchange data, Solid State Ionics, 374 (2022) 115818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2021.115818
Osinkin DA, Khodimchuk AV, Porotnikova NM, Bogdanovich NM, et al., Rate‐determining steps of oxygen surface exchange kinetics on Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ, Energies, 13 (2020) 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010250
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/elmattech.2026.5.076
Copyright (c) 2026 Denis A. Osinkin

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
